Segmented corpus callosum diffusivity correlates with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score in the early stages of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize the microscopic damage to the corpus callosum in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) with diffusion tensor imaging and to investigate the correlation of this damage with disability. The diffusion tensor imaging parameters of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity provide information about the integrity of cell membranes, offering two more specific indices, namely the axial and radial diffusivities, which are useful for discriminating axon loss from demyelination. METHOD: Brain magnetic resonance imaging exams of 30 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were acquired in a 3T scanner. The axial diffusivities, radial diffusivities, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity of five segments of the corpus callosum, correlated to the Expanded Disability Status Scale score, were obtained. RESULTS: All corpus callosum segments showed increased radial diffusivities and mean diffusivity, as well as decreased fractional anisotropy, in the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis group. The axial diffusivity was increased in the posterior midbody and splenium. The Expanded Disability Status Scale scores correlated more strongly with axial diffusivities and mean diffusivity, with an isolated correlation with radial diffusivities in the posterior midbody of the corpus callosum. There was no significant correlation with lesion loads. CONCLUSION: Neurological dysfunction in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis can be influenced by commissural disconnection, and the diffusion indices of diffusion tensor imaging are potential biomarkers of disability that can be assessed during follow-up

Corpus Callosum Microstructural Changes Correlate with Cognitive Dysfunction in Early Stages of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Axial and Radial Diffusivities Approach

The corpus callosum is the largest fiber bundle in the central nervous system and it takes part in several cognitive pathways. It can be affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) early in the disease. DTI is capable of infering the microstructural organization of the white matter. The vectorial analysis of the DTI offers the more specific indices of axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD), which have shown to be useful to discriminate myelin damage from axon loss, respectively. This study presents DTI results (mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), RD, and AD) of 23 relapsing-remitting MS patients and its correlation with cognitive performance. There were 47.8% of cognitive impaired patients (MS CI). We found signs of demyelination, reflected by increased RD, and incipient axon loss, reflected by AD increase, which was slightly higher in the MS CI. The cognitive changes correlated with the DTI parameters, suggesting that loss of complexity in CC connections can impair neural conduction. Thus, cognitive impairment can be related to callosal disconnection, and DTI can be a promising tool to evaluate those changes

Enxaqueca em 746 pacientes com esclerose múltipla

Enxaqueca piora o sofrimento do paciente que tem esclerose múltipla (EM). ID-migraine é uma ferramenta útil para seleção de pacientes com enxaqueca e Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) é um questionário que avalia o impacto da doença. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença e impacto de enxaqueca em pacientes com EM. Métodos: Pacientes diagnosticados com EM e tratados em clínicas especializadas foram convidados a responder um questionário online se também apresentassem cefaleia. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 746 participantes com cefaleia e EM que preencheram completamente as respostas. Foram 625 mulheres e 121 homens, sendo 69% dos pacientes com idade entre 20 e 40 anos. Enxaqueca foi identificada em 404 pacientes (54,1%) e moderado a grave impacto da doença foi observado em 68,3% dos casos. Conclusão: Enxaqueca é uma cefaleia primária frequente e incapacitante relatada por pacientes com EM.Migraine adds to the burden of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). The ID-migraine is a useful tool for screening migraine, and the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire can evaluate disease burden. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence and burden of migraine in patients with MS. Methods: Patients diagnosed with MS attending specialized MS units were invited to answer an online survey if they also experienced headache. Results: The study included 746 complete responses from patients with MS and headache. There were 625 women and 121 men, and 69% of all the patients were aged between 20 and 40 years. Migraine was identified in 404 patients (54.1%) and a moderate-to-high burden of disease was observed in 68.3% of the patients. Conclusion: Migraine is a frequent and disabling type of primary headache reported by patients with MS

Consenso brasileiro para o tratamento da esclerose múltipla : Academia Brasileira de Neurologia e Comitê Brasileiro de Tratamento e Pesquisa em Esclerose Múltipla

O crescent arsenal terapêutico na esclerose múltipla (EM) tem permitido tratamentos mais efetivos e personalizados, mas a escolha e o manejo das terapias modificadoras da doença (TMDs) tem se tornado cada vez mais complexos. Neste contexto, especialistas do Comitê Brasileiro de Tratamento e Pesquisa em Esclerose Múltipla e do Departamento Científico de Neuroimunologia da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia reuniram-se para estabelecer este Consenso Brasileiro para o Tratamento da EM, baseados no entendimento de que neurologistas devem ter a possibilidade de prescrever TMDs para EM de acordo com o que é melhor para cada paciente, com base em evidências e práticas atualizadas. Por meio deste documento, propomos recomendações práticas para o tratamento da EM, com foco principal na escolha e no manejo das TMDs, e revisamos os argumentos que embasam as estratégias de tratamento na EM.The expanding therapeutic arsenal in multiple sclerosis (MS) has allowed for more effective and personalized treatment, but the choice and management of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) is becoming increasingly complex. In this context, experts from the Brazilian Committee on Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and the Neuroimmunology Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology have convened to establish this Brazilian Consensus for the Treatment of MS, based on their understanding that neurologists should be able to prescribe MS DMTs according to what is better for each patient, based on up-to-date evidence and practice. We herein propose practical recommendations for the treatment of MS, with the main focus on the choice and management of DMTs, as well as present a review of the scientific rationale supporting therapeutic strategies in MS

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Magnetic resonance volumetric and neurochemical evaluation of hippocampal formation of multiple sclerosis patients at early stages and its relation to long-term memory

Déficits cognitivos são frequentes em pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM), especialmente a memória de longo prazo. Por outro lado, estudos de imagem por ressonância magnética têm correlacionado atrofia do hipocampo aos déficits mnésicos destes pacientes. Considerando-se a atrofia um marcador de dano neuronal tardio, justifica-se a investigação da fisiopatologia do dano hipocampal nas fases inicias da doença. Objetivo: Descrever os achados volumétricos e neuroquímicos da formação hipocampal de pacientes com EM recorrente-remitente (EMRR) em suas fases iniciais, comparando-os ao de um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis, e avaliar suas relações com a memória de longo prazo. Material e Métodos: Vinte e nove pacientes (19 mulheres, idade média 31 anos ± 8,7) com EMRR e um grupo controle composto por 26 indivíduos saudáveis (19 mulheres, idade média 30,7 anos ± 8,4) realizaram a 1H-ERM em magneto 3,0T. Foi utilizada técnica single-voxel e sequência PRESS com TR = 1500 ms, TE = 135 ms e dimensões fixas do voxel (6 cm3) localizado ao longo do hipocampo esquerdo para avaliação do N-acetil-aspartato (NAA), Colina (Cho) e Creatina (Cr), sendo a análise feita com o software LC Model. A avaliação volumétrica do encéfalo e da formação hipocampal foi realizada por meio do software FreeSurfer. Os indivíduos foram avaliados cognitivamente tendo sido criado um escore de memória verbal que avalia a evocação tardia (EMV-T), empregando-se a etapa de evocação tardia do Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised e o Teste da Memória Lógica-II. Resultados: Observou-se atrofia em ambos os hipocampos dos pacientes com EM. Além disso, pacientes apresentaram menores níveis de NAA quando comparados aos do grupo de controles (F(1,51) = 4,089; p = 0,048), tendo sido observada correlação positiva entre NAA e o volume da formação hipocampal no grupo de pacientes (r = 0,372; p = 0,047). Por fim, pacientes apresentaram correlação negativa significante entre EMV-T e NAA (r = -0,408; p = 0,031), Cho (r = -0,509; p = 0,006) e Cr (r = -0,402; p = 0,034), enquanto que, nos controles, apenas foi observada leve tendência de correlação na direção oposta. Conclusões: Nossos resultados indicam, nas fases inicias da EM, atrofia e redução dos níveis de NAA na formação hipocampal, secundário à disfunção e/ou perda neuronal. O fato dos pacientes apresentarem relação entre metabólitos hipocampais e memória oposta ao que é esperado, para indivíduos saudáveis, está de acordo com a hipótese da presença de mecanismos compensatórios na função cognitiva de pacientes com EMCognitive deficits are common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), especially long-term memory. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging studies have correlated hippocampal atrophy with mnemonic deficits in these patients. Considering atrophy a late marker of neuronal damage, investigation of the pathophysiology of hippocampal damage in the early stages of the disease is justified. Objective: Describe the volumetric and neurochemical findings of the hippocampal formation of early relapsing-remitting MS patients (RRMS), comparing it to a group of healthy subjects, and assess its relationships with long-term memory. Material and Methods: Twenty-nine patients (19 women, mean age 31 years ± 8,7) with RRMS and a control group of 26 healthy individuals (19 women, mean age 30,7 anos ± 8,4) underwent 1H-MRS in 3,0T scanner. Single-voxel PRESS sequence with repetition time of 1500 msec, echo time of 135 msec and fixed dimensions of the voxel (6 cm3) was located along the left hippocampus. Data were processed with LC Model software and the concentration of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), Choline (Cho) and Creatine (Cr) was calculated. Brain and hippocampal formation volumes were quantified using FreeSurfer software. Subjects were assessed cognitively and a verbal memory score assessing delayed recall (EMV-T) was developed, using Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised delayed recall and Logical Memory-II test. Results: Atrophy was observed in both hippocampi of MS patients. In addition, MS patients had lower NAA levels compared to the control group (F (1,51) = 4,089, p = 0,048), and positive correlation between NAA and hippocampal formation volume was observed in patient group (r = 0.372, p = 0.047). Finally, patients showed a significant negative correlation between EMV-T and NAA (r = -0.408, p = 0.031), Cho (r = -0.509, p = 0.006) and Cr (r = -0.402, p = 0.034), while only a weak tendency to an association in the opposite direction was observed in the control group. Conclusion: Our results indicate, in early MS, atrophy and reduced levels of NAA in the hippocampal formation, secondary to neuronal loss and/or dysfunction. The fact that the observed relationship between hippocampal metabolites and memory was in the opposite direction as what it is expected for healthy subjects supports the hypothesis that compensatory mechanisms are present in cognitive function of MS patient

Longitudinal analysis of verbal episodic memory in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

ABSTRACT Objective: A 4.5-year follow-up study was conducted to characterize baseline verbal episodic memory (VEM) and its behavior and to assess the effects of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) on this domain. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with RRMS underwent two neuropsychological assessments performed an average of 4.5 years apart. Twenty-six control participants underwent a single neuropsychological assessment. A significance level of p < 0.005 was adopted to denote a significant difference between the groups on the Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon paired statistical analyses. Results: No statistical difference was found in the results of the VEM tests between the first and second neuropsychological assessments of the patients. However, a statistical difference was evident between the patient and control groups in the results of the VEM tests. Conclusion: The patient group showed changes in the VEM relative to the control group. After approximately 4.5 years of disease, the patient performance on the VEM stabilized or improved